United Kingdom Madhouse

It is to obtain some consistency in comparisons. If one has fixed stations that become surrounded by asphalt and concrete and houses and cars and buses then you cannot operate any meaningful comparison as regards temperature increase over the decades. The Urban heat island effect seems to be very localised and does not seem to have any major impact on stations in rural areas reasonably close by but has an obvious daytime and nighttime effect on those in, or very close to, urban areas and the correction factors applied may be inadequate to keep up with the rate of urbanisation. Obviously if they shift the station because it is now in an urban area they have to try and apply factors to correct  for changes in elevation, wind speeds, maritime proximity etc etc. The NOAA in the US used some 114 stations to compare with stations that were moved to show that factors applied were relevant.
Many urban areas will dissipate their heat to space easily when skies clear so they do not appear to be a significant factor in warming of the planet as such.
Warming by CO2 appears to be a Logarithmic relationship in that CO2 increases will force warming but always to a lessening degree. My brother did some work on anaesthetic gases for a company he had worked for and had to go through the principles in the IPCC report and explained it in layman's terms to me most of which shot well over my head with lots of Uh, huhs and yesses.

What is very clear is 'the science' like all science, is very far from being settled. The warmists may in the end be right and we are all doomed but currently their catastrophic projections are at best shaky and at worst direct lies 

I see the extreme weather events predicted are just not happening as last years ACE readings on storms indicates the lowest for 42 years.

wattsupwiththat.com/2023/01/05/2022-global-wide-hurricane-season-ends-with-weakest-storm-levels-of-the-last-42-years/

Of course it is the worrying thing is they just seem to put their fingers in their ears sing I cannot hear you and then tell us how extreme the weather is becoming. It has religious fanaticism behind it and with the science 'settled' some 20 years ago anything different from the expected is of no consequence and merely a blip in the ongoing tale of woe. A record temperature is evidence of man made climate change; forest fires are evidence even if they have happened for hundreds of years; heavy rain is evidence, no snow is evidence, lots of snow is evidence, record colds are weather events down to climate change. God and climate adherents move in mysterious ways their respective ends to meet. 

If urban areas are such a heat source how come they have no effect on the rural areas around them. Fact is they do have some effect, everything has some effect. Its just tiny compared to that giant star in our sky and the energy it pumps in. That energy is the only source big enough to cause global warming. 
You have to try and understand how insignificant urban heating is compared to solar energy. 




If all

Apart from the fact his voice is so boring it could kill you, his facts are misrepresentative. He fails to tell his listeners why temperatures varied in his examples. Why sea level rose so rapidly for a period and slowed so abruptly, then started again. You have to take all the factors into account (And no I don't mean the tiny amount from urban heating.)
We know what caused heating and cooling in the past, but none of those factors are happening now. So what is causing the constant record breaking weather events. 

Yes Starmer is that old style politician full of facts and lacking in all that exciting rhetoric. 

The medieval warm period was caused by increased solar activity at a time of lower volcanic activity. Both combined to caused global warming. 

Oops my bad, lazy of me, so used to repeatedly answering these questions for those who like conspiracy but can't be arsed to look it up for themselves. 
The Roman warm period was caused by a period of intense period of solar activity. 
Here, if you want to really learn some science. 



The warmest period of the last 2,000 years. Map A shows the central-western Mediterranean Sea. Red triangle shows the location of the sample studied, while the red circles are previously-found marine records used for the comparison. Map B shows the Sicily Channel featuring surface oceanographic circulation and sample location. Black lines follow the path of surface water circulation

They say the warmer period may have also coincided with the shift from the Roman Republic to the great Empire founded by Octavius Augustus in 27 BC.



The study offers ‘critical information’ to identify past interactions between climate changes and evolution of human societies and ‘their adaptive strategies’.



It meets requests from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to assess the impact of historically warmer conditions between 2.7°F and 3.6°F (1.5°C to 2°C).



However, the historical warming of the Med during the Roman Empire is linked to intense solar activity, which contrasts with the modern threat of greenhouse gases.
GWPF Xtra



24 July 2020





Roman Warm Period Was 2°C Warmer Than Today, New Study Shows





Roman Empire coincided with warmest period of the last 2,000 years in the Med







The Mediterranean Sea was 3.6°F (2°C) hotter during the Roman Empire than other average temperatures at the time, a new study claims.



Comparison of the records from Sicily Channel studied in this work (thick dark blue line) in comparison with other samples - Alboran Sea (thick light blue line), Minorca Basin (thick red line) and Aegean Sea (thick dark and light green lines). They support the claim that the Roman Period saw a 3.6°F rise in temperatures in the Med Comparison of the records from Sicily Channel studied in this work (thick dark blue line) in comparison with other samples – Alboran Sea (thick light blue line), Minorca Basin (thick red line) and Aegean Sea (thick dark and light green lines). They support the claim that the Roman Period saw a 3.6°F rise in temperatures in the Med



The Empire coincided with a 500-year period, from AD 1 to AD 500, that was the warmest period of the last 2,000 years in the almost completely land-locked sea.



The climate later progressed towards colder and arid conditions that coincided with the historical fall of the Empire, scientists claim.



Spanish and Italian researchers recorded ratios of magnesium to calcite taken from skeletonized amoebas in marine sediments, an indicator of sea water temperatures, in the Sicily Channel.



The study identifies the Roman period (1-500 AC) as the warmest period of the last 2,000 years. Map A shows the central-western Mediterranean Sea. Red triangle shows the location of the sample studied, while the red circles are previously-found marine records used for the comparison. Map B shows the Sicily Channel featuring surface oceanographic circulation and sample location. Black lines follow the path of surface water circulation The study identifies the Roman period (1-500 AC) as the warmest period of the last 2,000 years. Map A shows the central-western Mediterranean Sea. Red triangle shows the location of the sample studied, while the red circles are previously-found marine records used for the comparison. Map B shows the Sicily Channel featuring surface oceanographic circulation and sample location. Black lines follow the path of surface water circulation

They say the warmer period may have also coincided with the shift from the Roman Republic to the great Empire founded by Octavius Augustus in 27 BC.



The study offers ‘critical information’ to identify past interactions between climate changes and evolution of human societies and ‘their adaptive strategies’.



It meets requests from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to assess the impact of historically warmer conditions between 2.7°F and 3.6°F (1.5°C to 2°C).



However, the historical warming of the Med during the Roman Empire is linked to intense solar activity, which contrasts with the modern threat of greenhouse gases.
GWPF Xtra



24 July 2020





Roman Warm Period Was 2°C Warmer Than Today, New Study Shows





Roman Empire coincided with warmest period of the last 2,000 years in the Med







The Mediterranean Sea was 3.6°F (2°C) hotter during the Roman Empire than other average temperatures at the time, a new study claims.



Comparison of the records from Sicily Channel studied in this work (thick dark blue line) in comparison with other samples - Alboran Sea (thick light blue line), Minorca Basin (thick red line) and Aegean Sea (thick dark and light green lines). They support the claim that the Roman Period saw a 3.6°F rise in temperatures in the Med Comparison of the records from Sicily Channel studied in this work (thick dark blue line) in comparison with other samples – Alboran Sea (thick light blue line), Minorca Basin (thick red line) and Aegean Sea (thick dark and light green lines). They support the claim that the Roman Period saw a 3.6°F rise in temperatures in the Med



The Empire coincided with a 500-year period, from AD 1 to AD 500, that was the warmest period of the last 2,000 years in the almost completely land-locked sea.



The climate later progressed towards colder and arid conditions that coincided with the historical fall of the Empire, scientists claim.



Spanish and Italian researchers recorded ratios of magnesium to calcite taken from skeletonized amoebas in marine sediments, an indicator of sea water temperatures, in the Sicily Channel.



The study identifies the Roman period (1-500 AC) as the warmest period of the last 2,000 years. Map A shows the central-western Mediterranean Sea. Red triangle shows the location of the sample studied, while the red circles are previously-found marine records used for the comparison. Map B shows the Sicily Channel featuring surface oceanographic circulation and sample location. Black lines follow the path of surface water circulation The study identifies the Roman period (1-500 AC) as the warmest period of the last 2,000 years. Map A shows the central-western Mediterranean Sea. Red triangle shows the location of the sample studied, while the red circles are previously-found marine records used for the comparison. Map B shows the Sicily Channel featuring surface oceanographic circulation and sample location. Black lines follow the path of surface water circulation

They say the warmer period may have also coincided with the shift from the Roman Republic to the great Empire founded by Octavius Augustus in 27 BC.



The study offers ‘critical information’ to identify past interactions between climate changes and evolution of human societies and ‘their adaptive strategies’.



It meets requests from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to assess the impact of historically warmer conditions between 2.7°F and 3.6°F (1.5°C to 2°C).



However, the historical warming of the Med during the Roman Empire is linked to intense solar activity, which contrasts with the modern threat of greenhouse gases.